Reliable Sources Worksheet Essay

Source 1 †¢Author: Wilson, Wendy Bedwell †¢Date: March 2012 †¢Title: From Trash to Treasure †¢Publication: Dog World. 97 Issue 3, p20-21, 2p Write a 100- to 150-word response to each of the following questions: †¢Is the source reliable? How do you know? This source is very reliable; this magazine has been around for almost 100 yrs. Dog World is a monthly magazine aimed at the community of serious dog enthusiasts and participants, including breeders; conformation exhibitors; obedience, agility, herding and field trial competitors; veterinarians; groomers; and trainers. †¢Is the information relevant to the topic? Yes this story is about a dog rescuer from NJ who picks up dogs from high kill shelters down in West Virginia and brings them back up to be placed in foster homes. On her trip back up she witnessed someone tossing a dog out on the side of the road and leaving it there. Out of curiosity she pulled over where the dog was dropped off to investigate and found a malnourished and injured dog. After 20 minutes they were able to capture the dog and bring it to NJ where its was seen by veterinarians who were able to nurse the dog back to health. †¢Does the information reflect a bias on the author’s part? If so, what is the bias? I did not read any bias material within the article, there was no mention of any retribution toward the original owners. This article basically told a story about how a dog’s life was turned around after a person who carries about dogs rescued this dog and now uses it to help rehabilitate other dogs that have been abused. Source 2 †¢Author: Redwine, Arlo †¢Date: April 2012 †¢Title: Going the Distance †¢Publication: Dealernews, Vol. 48 Issue 4, p18-28, 7p Write a 100- to 150-word response to each of the following questions: †¢Is the source reliable? How do you know? Dealer News is a trade publication that has been around for 17 years. This publication provides news and information for dealers, manufacturers and distributors in the motorcycle and accessory industries. I do not know how reliable this source is due to this is a trade publication and can post bias reviews. †¢Is the information relevant to the topic? â€Å"Going the distance† is relevant to the topic because the author talks about how a young â€Å"go getter† started a motorcycle dealership in the late 70’s. The story tells how this young man grew his business from the ground up to one of the largest Harley Davidson dealerships in the Junction City, Kansas area. †¢Does the information reflect a bias on the author’s part? If so, what is the bias? Yes the information is bias on the author’s part due to the fact that he is telling a story from the eyes of the owner of this dealership. The author does not tell the readers the challenges that took place from competitors or the manufactures that he represented in his store.

Death Penalty should be Illegal Essay

Each year in America there are about 250 people added to death row and 35 executed. The death penalty is the harshest form of punishment in the United States today. Once the jury has proved a criminal guilty they go to the second part of the trial – the punishment phase. Lethal injection is the most common form of death. Capital Punishment is a difficult issue and there are as many different opinions as there are people. In this country Capital Punishment is not allowed but in America it is legal and it should not be. I think that Capital Punishment should be made illegal in America. The reasons I think that this should be illegal are. Firstly it is possible to execute someone who is innocent. If this does happen it cannot be undone whereas if they had been put in jail they could be released and given compensation. Secondly I think that death penalty is almost not a punishment because you are not around to be punished like if you were in jail with the poor living conditions and no freedom. The opposing side strongest argument would be in 1991; a young mother was rendered helpless and made to watch as her baby was executed. The mother was then mutilated and killed. The killer should not live in some prison with three meals a day, clean sheets, cable TV, family visits and endless appeals. For justice to prevail, some killers just need to die. Another reason I think that Capital Punishment should be made illegal is that life imprisonment without parole serves the same purposes as this at less cost. Right now, to execute someone in The U.S it costs approximately three times the amount it would to have them serve a life sentence in prison. The money used to pay for the death row (including court appeals) comes out of the taxpayer’s wallets. If Capital Punishment was made illegal, this money could go to other projects in need of the funds like building new prisons. A while ago in Britain, a man was released from prison who was wrongly  accused of committing murder. He had been sentenced to life imprisonment, for this murder. While he was in prison he always maintained he was innocent. It took years on campaigning while he was in prison to prove that he actually was innocent. If such a crime like this had been committed in America he could have been put on death row and been executed. If later on they found out he was innocent there would be nothing they could do to bring him back to life. In Britain the man was released and given compensation. There have been cases in America where innocent people have been executed, and this is the main reason I think it should be illegal. I hope most of you will now see the reasons why capital punishment is a waste of time and should not be made legal.

A Peaceful Woman Explains Why She Carries a Gun Essay

In the article â€Å"A Peaceful Woman Explains Why She Carries a Gun,† the author, Linda M. Hasselstrom, has a credible argument for carrying a gun. Hasselstrom has a solid ethical appeal and her argument had logic based on her many dangerous personal experiences. Although her argument is credible, she uses many fallacies to make it seem that if women have a gun they can protect themselves from men. Ms. Hasselstrom has ethical appeal because she used credible personal situations to support her authority to possess a gun. Because she was such a peace-loving woman, carrying a gun would be a fallacy. Her cause and effects gave this article logical appeal on the subject of carrying guns for safety purposes. Although she establishes good logical appeal, she failed to include statistics that could have made her argument more credible. Despite Hasselstrom’s characteristics of being a peace-loving, caring woman, a series of unfortunate dangerous situations caused her to feel the need to protect herself. She states in the article â€Å"I am a peace-loving woman. But several events in the past ten years have convinced me I’m safer when I carry a pistol. † Although she feels that a firearm may be a security blanket for her, she struggles with the thought of possessing one. Before she eventually purchased a gun and obtained a license, she had taken some action to prevent this from happening. One action that she took to prevent from having to purchase a firearm was taking a kung fu class, which teaches self defense when someone enters your space without permission; another was to carry spray deodorant acting as mace. She had the most difficultly convincing herself mentally that she could shoot a person. The sense of safety made her sometimes doubt her ability to ever shoot a person. The article states that â€Å"she was against firearms, and local police told us that mace was illegal. † Although she did not like the thought of possessing a firearm, she felt as if it was her last resort. Throughout Hasselstrom’s many dangerous personal life threatening situations and her need to feel safe had emotional appeal, especially to women. The threat of realizing that locking her windows and car doors and avoiding places that are known as dangerous, was not providing her the safety she needed. She then practiced shooting a gun and made it legal by purchasing a license. Although she sates in the article, â€Å"just carrying a pistol is not protection; avoidance is still the best approach to trouble,† she usually put herself in these life threatening situations. All through her many dangerous situations, her main fear seemed to be of men. Hasselstrom’s goal of reaching the feeling of safety was met. She had many personal experiences that made her argument ethical and logical. Although after reflecting on the men that caused such fear in her life, she began to look at her situations from a different point of view. She states that â€Å"A pistol is not the only way to avoid being raped or murdered in today’s world, but, intelligently wielded, it can shift the balance of power and provide a measure of safety. † Although she does not enjoy the thought of possessing a firearm she has realized that it is a measure of safety that she needs.

Analysis of the Film Blade Runner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Analysis of the Film Blade Runner - Essay Example For all intents and purposes, Deckard the hero is presented to the audience as a typical macho hero, he is a retired policeman a hardy and trained fighter not only capable of protecting himself but others. He has problems like anyone else but he cuts the figure of independence and freedom, a man who is a master of his universe, so to speak. However, despite his macho and fearless image quickly erodes when he is strong-armed and subtly manipulated by Bryant to go back to Blade running a job he has no intention of doing. Bryant exercises power over Deckard in the same way the Panopticon does to the prisoners, keeping him in permanent visibility by denying him a chance to retire so that he can sustain automatic power functioning. (Foucault 156). From this, one can surmise that he in spite of his physical power and intelligence he is enslaved by the fear he drives him to seek out the replicants although he would rather not be involved. His is however not the only fear, every other charac ter and even the intended ground on which the movie was founded is based on fear. Human beings create the replicates so they can carry out tasks that are impossible for them such as mining in other planets, however, since they recognized that the replicants were potentially more powerful, they made them such that their lifespan could not extend past four years. Essentially humans had created a system that forced the replicants to live in perpetual fear and dread knowing that whatever they did they could not live to enjoy it for more than the four years allocated to them. This fear drove Roy to go hunting his â€Å"father â€Å"and creator Tyrell, in a desperate attempt to discover the secret of life, this quest is a parallel of human attempts to discover the secret of immortality since they live in perpetual fear of death’s inevitability. The blade runners who are tasked with the duty of â€Å"retiring† them was in an attempt by the authorities to consolidate their p ower and ensure there is order in society by eliminating and elements that could potentially challenge power in the future.

Event Planning in Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Event Planning in Tourism - Essay Example Event planning for any organization requires individuals who are competent and knowledgeable in the field of event planning. This is so much so in the field of tourism where the organization aims to package itself as a tourist destination of sorts. They seek to attract tourists to their tourist destinations. The tourism sector is linked to virtually all the other sectors of a country’s economy. This makes the tourism sector the most important sector of a government’s planning. With this knowledge in mind, the individuals brought in to plan for a tourism-related event should possess skills that are relevant to the field (Kelly, 1990). Â  This paper sets out to investigate the field of event planning while looking at the tourism sector. It seeks to identify the process involved in planning for tourism as an event and set out the steps which should be included when planning for the same. Â  An event is defined as a temporary occurrence that possesses a fixed length of time. An event can be of different types, i.e. planned and unplanned, and the ones that are planned are usually publicized to ensure they get maximum exposure towards the targeted audience. Every event is unique in itself as it involves the blending of different setting, duration, management, and people who facilitate it (Getz, 2007). In the field of tourism, the organizer has to plan for every event because of the nature of the events that are being thought of. Â  Successful planning of any event is important because it ensures that the organization remains competitive in the related market.

Analyze the political legacy of John A. Macdonald Essay

Analyze the political legacy of John A. Macdonald - Essay Example During this time, radical changes occurred in the country. Among these changes was the process of Confederation, or the act of bringing together all of the individual territories under the dominion of one common government. Aside from these political accomplishments, Canadians also remember Macdonald for his personal impacts in the economy and culture of 19th century Canada. He was, in fact, a prominent landowner, lawyer, and business during that time. However, like any of the greatest politicians in modern history, Macdonald is not remembered solely for his contributions to the political accomplishments of his country, but for the cultural impact he made on the citizens and future generations who inherit that legacy. In leiu of this legacy, John A. Macdonald has been called a â€Å"pragmatic statesman†, and he earned the title of Old Chieftain (CBC). Macdonald is popularly known for these nicknames and, more importantly, for uniting the nation with his central vision and the construction of the world's longest railway. Despite personal hurdles, albeit with the help of alcohol, he laid the foundation for modern Canada. This is why some have labeled him the â€Å"Architect of Modern Canada† (CBC). ... John’s father, Hugh, unsuccessfully managed a store in the new country, causing even more difficulty within the family. Meanwhile, John was an excellent student and attended a rather prestigious school in Kingston. At the age of 15, nearly 10 years after arriving in Canada, John completed his formal education. At this age, his family expected him to stay home to work for the common success of the family. John did not object to coming home to help the family. Nevertheless, Not attending the university limited Macdonald’s ability to pursue certain kinds of careers outside of the home, such as the practice of writing (Pope). The family, however, decided that Macdonald’s future was best served by a university education. They decided that becoming a lawyer was the best option (Carloneil). Hugh Macdonald had noted how much his son was not interested in following in his footsteps, and he recognized that, because of his own failing business ventures, he needed his son fo r financial support. As a result, Macdonald was forced from a very young age to start earning money (Pope 6). After completing his law education, Macdonald earned certification by the Law Society of Upper Canada and took an apprenticeship under a fellow Scottish lawyer. Macdonald managed the law office from time to time and, after his teacher’s death in 1834, he returned to Kingston in 1835 to practice his own law (Carloneil). During his time as a young lawyer, Macdonald was able to financially support his family and to make connections that would remain with him for the rest of his political life. He sought out publicity by joining organizations within the town, taking high-profile

Analysis situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis situation - Essay Example Consumers of both these drugs express a somewhat mixed reaction towards the drugs as regards their outcome. However, researchers found it worth recording that, patients treated with lower dosage of new pradaxa are less likely to encounter a major bleeding problem as compared to rate of bleeding in patients treated with warfarin (34). As a result, consumers would prefer the new pradaxa since it is efficacy is higher. It is clear that patients cannot use warfarin if they are subjects of surgery since, if administered, it can lead to severe side effects like heavy bleeding that can cause death. Contrary, some countries approved the use of pradaxa in assisting to prevent blood clotting in patients gone through elective complete hip or knee replacement surgery. In conclusion, the need to provide an effective and suitable alternative to the common warfarin is acting as a market booster for pradaxa. With support and market approval, pradaxa will reap a huge market share due to uniqueness and effectiveness. Additionally, pradaxa consumers can swallow the pill and immediately turn off the heparin hence allowing fib patients room to go head home without an enoxaparin bridge (41). Pradaxa will capitalize and dominate the largest market share since it makes consumers feel less anxious about intracranial bleeding compared to Coumadin (warfarin). Another fact that will make pradaxa a total market effect is the fact that consumers do not need frequent blood test monitoring thus proving time and money

Critique of Feminism in American Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critique of Feminism in American Cinema - Essay Example In the process, feminist ideologies in American cinema were hijacked, distracted, thwarted, and softened by masculine logic from the promising ambition to change and transform gender-biased patriarchal social structures. These three articles explained where feminism in American cinema came from, how it got to where it is now, and suggested ways to resolve issues and discover important answers. Writing more than 25 years ago, Mayne (1981) gave two clearly distinguished meanings of women's cinema. One meaning is "films made by women," and the other meaning is "films made for women" (p. 27). The first part of her article attempted to explain how films within each of these traditional definitions were transformed by feminists over time, using the "woman at the keyhole" metaphor to show how women gained status from being objects of voyeuristic curiosity and into curious voyeurs themselves. Mayne argued that there is a need to consider "what relationships women have had traditionally and historically, as filmmakers and as film consumers, to the medium" (p. 28) in order to "understand how women make movies" (p. 28). This argument founded on masculine (business-based) logic masks a basic natural fact: that men and women are different and that women and their feminist representation in cinema would be a constantly evolving and a permanently complex and elusive goal. Mayne explained that while it is true that having women at the other end of the keyhole is typical of masculine voyeuristic tendencies, it is also true that women love being seen, watched, and admired (p. 33-34). They want to feel and look beautiful, not for any reason or motive that is a sign of inferiority, but because that is how they are wired, and nothing is bad about that. It is only "not good" if such a natural human tendency is associated with a (blonde-haired or beautiful-faced) lack of intellectual capacity. This hasty subjective reaction, no matter how one looks at it, and whether it is applied to women or men, is more a reflection of the one who makes rash judgments based on looks and appearances and not based on interior substance. This is why women are the ultimate dialecticians, Mayne declared, recalling Ruby Rich, who argued that "for a woman today, film is a dialectical experience in a way that it never was and never will be for a man under patriarchy" (p. 40). Like Brecht's ultimate dialectician who lives the tension of two different cultures, "women bring into the movie theater a context and a certain coding from life outside the theater." This is perhaps the reason why women love different films in different ways, and why some films made by and for women reach their audiences in unique ways. Feminism in cinema has certainly shaped the way actors act and filmmakers - both men and women - do films, making the human experience richer and more sophisticated. This is good for all, not only for men and the patriarchy to understand women a bit better, but also for women to better understand themselves and how they look at the world. Making, watching and critiquing movies are, indeed, different and complex (p. 41-42). Also, they reflect the natural differences between men and women that provide the artistic cinematic world a dialectic tension that contributes to its magic, as cinema as a powerful medium of gender-based artistic expression must necessarily clash with cinema as an

Prevention of Terrorism and Business Continuity Essay

Prevention of Terrorism and Business Continuity - Essay Example The events availed a remarkable case of a widening interdependence of both the private and public sectors in confronting the present-day security challenges. Since the 9/11, the fight against terrorism has been a top political priority for both the government and businesses alike. Governments have a responsibility to prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks, which hinges on coordinated and collaborative relationships between the intelligence, security, and law enforcement agencies. The key motivation has not only been because of the suffering of the victims, but also because terrorist attacks are a direct assault on elemental values of human rights, rules of law, and democracy (Frias, Samuel and White 2012, 483). Terrorism bears a direct impact on the enjoyment of several human rights such as rights to life, liberty, and physical integrity. Terrorist attacks significantly destabilize governments; they also compromise peace and security, as well as social and economic development. One of the prominent themes in the human rights debate encompasses enhanced recognition of the link between business and human rights. The application of the law in relation to the prevention of terrorism often proves to be complex, especially regarding recognition of human rights as outlined by instruments such as European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and UN Charter on human rights. Businesses can wield immense power and bear a direct impact on governmental policies and enjoyment of human rights. Businesses bear an obligation to contribute to the promotion and safeguarding of human rights (Ganor 2005, p.149). The preface of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights outlines that all persons and every organ of the society shall endeavor to promote respect for human rights and basic freedoms (Zwitter 2011, p.20).

Fundamentals of economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamentals of economics - Essay Example Some people are intended to spend loads of money and they also easily can do. We will see how rise in prices affect the living standards. There are so many elements in the standards of living. These are not only consumer goods but also there are some elements included in standards of living that cannot be purchased or are not under our control for example environmental quality and the services provided by the government. 2 Decline in living standard is not because of rise in prices. There are so many elements affecting the standards of living. 1. There have been a general slowdown in economic growth (the growth in the amount of goods and services produced) and in the growth of national income (the sum of all the income received in the nations). This means that the size of the income pie available to be divided among the families is growing very slowly than before. The prices of goods plays important roles for spending life, it can make life easy if prices of goods and services are low and it can creates more difficulties it prices are very high. But it does not mean to decline the standards of living. Standards of living depend on many factors. We have seen the factors those are affecting the standards of living and those are not affecting. There are also many other elements such as education, quality of education, health facilities.3 It can be defined as the income of the individuals or people after adjusting for inflation. It can be measured by subtracting the inflation from the nominal income. Mathematically it can be written as: Real income is a more useful indicator of well-being; it is based on the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with the income. It involves real variables as real income, real GDP and real interest rates. These real variables can be measured in physical units (standards of measurements of physical quantities)4. Nominal Income is the income that has

Banc one corporation (interest rate yield curve and how Banc One's Essay

Banc one corporation (interest rate yield curve and how Banc One's interest swaps impact the curve) - Essay Example These swaps had a significant impact on their portfolio. Initially, they engaged in fixed-receiving IRSs’ which provided them with an above-market return or implied yield. In this case, swaps assisted them in generating higher returns, and thus its yield curve witnessed an upward shift. However, this yield curve would be flat as the rate is fixed. Also, it is shift in the implied yield rather than a rising slope because the tenure of the investment remained the same. After this, Banc One changed gears and opted for investing in short-term floating rate instruments and then entering into medium-term receive-fixed swaps. This again boosted the yield for the corporation, and at the same time provided liquid investments. The advantages of this structured product greatly outweighed the disadvantages. As part of its ongoing strategy to invest in CMOs’, the bank began to consider the development of a synthetic swap which would cater to the CMO investments which Banc One had ma de. Amortized Interest Rate Swaps were introduced. In this derivative, the bank was receiving a fixed rate and paying a floating rate. However, there was a risk of prepayments of the mortgages in which the bank had invested in. If the interest rates were to fall, the amortization of the CDOs’ would increase rapidly and the bank would find itself with funds to reinvest in a depressed market.

Financial accounting and Managerial use Essay Example for Free

Financial accounting and Managerial use Essay Background LJB Company , a small business local distributor who understands to go public in the future, the company should be in accordance with the law and may need to take more stringent internal control principles. At the request of the president, an independent internal evaluation of internal controls was conducted to evaluate the direction of strength and weakness. Objective The objectives of this report should evaluate the existing controls and make recommendations that will ensure the companies assets and help get the most accurate financial information. Based on a system of internal checks and balances will be just in my recommendations to the president of the company, since most of the internal control systems provide for independent internal control; This principle involves the review of data prepared by employees. To get the maximum benefit from an independent internal control : Control values and Integrity from the top make it clear that it is unethical activities will not be accepted, and set the tone for the companys culture . There are several principles of management : 1. Establishment of responsibility: management is most effective when a single source may be responsible for the problem, including the authorization and approval of transactions. Weakness: LJB has only one accountant who serves as treasurer and controller , which can optimize the processes , but it creates an inherent risk . Cashier handled informally . Accountant is so busy that the company handles the checkout bit differently . All employees have access to the petty cash drawer and just put a note asking if they use any of the cash. Recommendation: * Align the specific obligations of employees to limit access to authorized employees so that the buyer is not the same person who authorizes the payment without the approval of the head at least . Otherwise , a person may make payments that are made to yourself. * Use unique passwords per employee to protect the purchasing system to provide adequate documents and records management. * Assign petty cash custodian. 2 . Segregation of duties : After one employee should , without duplication of effort , provide a sound basis for evaluating the work of another employee. 2 * Strength: Accountant receives the checks and completes the monthly bank reconciliation. This force , as the bank and the company maintain independent records , which may not always agree on what may be a simple mistake of either party. To maintain maximum benefits , a worker who has no other duties associated with cash should prepare a reconciliation. * Weakness: The same accountant all purchases of supplies and pays for these purchases per hour is a dual role . Petty cash handled all . * Recommendation: 1. Divide the purchase task to avoid the temptation of possible abuse. Keeper of the petty cash fund makes payments , but the reviews accountant to recharge . 2 . Require the authorization of the buyer and payment of employees on vacation at different times of the year. 3 . Documentation and procedures to provide evidence that the transactions and events occurred * Strength: Accountant recently started using pre- numbered invoices. * Weaknesses: Unclear procedures for shipping requirements , invoices and time signatures in developing accounting documents . All employees are required only to leave a note in the box , not supply a receipt. * Recommendation: * Delivery document indicates well have been shipped, invoice sales means that the client has been announced. Use remittance advice (mail receipts ) , cash register tapes, and deposit slips . * Require signature to identify the person responsible for the activity . * If possible , the user pre- numbered documents . It also helps to ensure that the transaction is no recorded several times or not at all . * Require time when documents should be sent in accounting for timely accounting. * Require receipts for most, if not all operations on a small number of dollars. Note: accountant wants to buy an indelible ink machine to print their checks. I would recommend the purchase of this equipment , depending on the cost-benefit analysis . Keep blank checks in safes with limited access will  be my first suggestion to cut spending immediately , with no additional costs. | 4 . Physical control can be mechanical and electronic asset protection . * Strength: Before leaving for the weekend accountant , accountant will move checks in a safe in his office . * Weakness: For salaries , checks selected accountant and left in his office for pick-up . Cashier box is not locked. * Recommendation: * Closed storage inventory and records management and control at all times, and not just for the weekend . * Alarm to prevent tampering if appropriate cost benefit * Closed petty cash . 5 . Independent internal verification includes an overview and comparison of the data to reconcile * Strength: Does not work . * Weaknesses: Unclear procedures requirements signatures , such as small cash transactions. Accountant is so busy that the company handles the checkout bit differently . All employees have access to the petty cash drawer and just put a note asking if they use any of the cash. * Recommendation: 1. Require an accountant to examine receipts and documents to verify costs to replenish funds. 2 . Surprise internal audits 6. Office of Human Resources * Strength: Employees seem to stay with the company for a long time and seems to be loyal . * Weakness: The President is still quite embarrassed because he was forced to fire one of their employees for viewing pornography on a company computer. He later learned that this man was a convicted felon who served time for molesting children. The Company had a hard time getting the employee to admit that this is it, because the company does not assign individual passwords. The President expressed his disappointment because he and an accountant and an interview and approve all new employees. * Recommendation: 1. Perform back ground checks and verify education credentials 2 . Check references , but never used the figures provided a reference sheet 3 . Employees bonds that deal cash 4 . Assign unique passwords for employees Conclusion: There are limitations of internal control , but they must provide reasonable assurance that assets are protected and accounting are accurate. Currently, as a small company LJB can not have a very complicated system of internal control , but must recognize the reality of the law for trading companies with the public are held at a higher level of compliance . LJB Company does some things right , but there are several areas for improvement . Literature : http://map.ais.ucla.edu/go/1002631 Paul D. Kimmel , Jerry J. Weygandt, Donald Kieso 2010 Business Economics http://www.macomb.edu/About+Macomb/College+Policies/Policies/Guidelines+for+Purchasing+Activities.htm https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance//fin106c07.pdf http://www.brockport.edu/intcontrol/questions.html

A Brief Review Of Petronas

A Brief Review Of Petronas PETRONAS is the short for Petroliam National Berhad. As an incorporated company, it was founded on the 17th of August 1974. It was wholly owned and controlled by the government of Malaysia. PETRONAS has ventured into more than 32 countries including Argentina, Russia and Egypt. It currently employs over 30, 000 employees of 38 nationalities. PETRONAS has involved in the entire petroleum activities. From managing the sharing contractors of the foreign production, it has been changed into developing its own capabilities in the upstream sector allow it to take the lead in the exploration and production of the nations oil and gas resources. Vested with the entire oil and gas resources in Malaysia, PETRONAS is entrusted by the government to develop and add value to these resources. Besides that, it also ventured into downstream activities. It seeks to maximize value creation and strengthen of its operations all the way down the value chain. The range downstream activities of PETRONAS includes oil refining, gas processing and liquefaction, gas transmission pipeline operations, petrochemical manufacturing and marketing, property investment, shipping, marketing of liquefied natural gas, marketing and distribution of petroleum products, and trading. Internal Environment There is a high level of interdependence between an organization and its internal environment. The internal environment, also known as micro force, comprises elements that have a direct influence on the operations of the organization. They have an impact on the achievement of the organizations goals. The Micro forces of the environment are: Vision and Mission PETRONAS is a big organization and a corporation which is widely known to the world as a company that exports Malaysian oil. Being a big organization, PETRONAS has its very own vision and mission to achieve its common goal and to serve its customers the best service they can provide. As we all know vision is a long-term plan that exists in almost every company or organization. PETRONASs vision statement is to be a leading oil and gas multinational of choice. It is hoping to become a worldwide known organization and also the first choice among all other oil companies present so far. PETRONAS mission statements, on the other hand, are as follows: We are a business entity. Petroleum is our core business. Our primary responsibility is to develop and add value to this national resource. Our objective is to contribute to the well-being of the people and the nation. (PETRONAS, 2010) The mission and vision PETRONAS believes has made it grows tremendously since it was incorporated in the month of August on the 17th in the year 1974. It is now a fully-integrated oil and gas corporation which is ranked among FORTUNE Global 500s largest corporation in the world. Organizational structure Organizational structure is the internal, formal framework of a business that shows the way in which management is linked together and how authority is transmitted. (Stimpson, 2006) structure.jpg Figure 1: The Corporation Organizational Structure of PETRONAS (PETRONAS Case Study on Education, 2005) As shown in the Figure 1, PETRONAS adopts the functional organization structure. It enables specialization and allowing its employees to focus on their respective areas. There is cross functional bonds between the respective divisions and departments. It is the bond and process of specialization that has led to the success of the organization. Team work is encouraged, all the departments work together to achieve the companys goals and targets. This has proved to rewarding for the organization as a whole and the employees, customers, suppliers and the community as a whole. The line of authority is clearly drawn, orders are sent from the top most level, the president and the CEO. PETRONAS has also hired consultants to improve business and organization results. Functional Strategies Corporate Planning and development division This division plans long term and short term business strategies which lead to the development of the organization. Education division This division undertakes the responsibility of all the educational activities associated with PETRONAS. It involves the scholarships provided by University Technology PETRONAS and the education programs provided to the underserved community. Finance division The Finance division provides the company with its accounting and financial reporting backbone of the company. Its role is to identify financial sources to finance the operations of the company and to locate profitable areas where the business can invest their money to get higher returns. PETRONAS is involved in the sports world through its investment with Mercedes F1team. It has also contributed towards the development of Turkmenistan economy, by investing US dollar $ 1.8 billion in the oil and gas industries. Technical Services division This division is set up to drive and manage the technological activities of PETRONAS. Human Resource division The most important function of the human resource department is recruitment, selection and training of employees among others. PETRONAS selects the best and brightest of employees through talent searches amongst local and overseas graduate. PETRONAS trains and molds its own employees through technical training and innovative program provided in University Technology PETRONAS. Shareholders Shareholders of a firm can directly influence its policies and activities. PETRONAS shareholder is the government. It generates income and value for its shareholder. PETRONAS gave the government RM 52.3 billion from its RM86.8 billion pre-tax profit, in the form royalty, dividends, corporate tax, income tax and export duty. PETRONAS provides shareholders with the opportunity to gain first hand exposure on the Companys operations by organizing several visits to its Gas Processing Plants. Such two-way communication increases corporate transparency and helps shareholders take a longer term view of their investment based on a better understanding of the companys corporate strategy and operation. PETRONAS recognizes the importance of timely and equal dissemination of information to shareholders. Therefore they arrange the Annual General Meeting (AGM) which is a crucial mechanism in shareholders communication. Employees PETRONAS must be committed to enhancing the capability of its employees, as a corporation is only as good as the people who work for it. This phrase is from PETRONAS mission statement. Employees are the most important asset of an organization, since it is the dedication, motivation and skills of an employee that make a business successful. PETRONAS highly values its employees and understands the importance of their motivation. Therefore it arranges various programmes to encourage and support its employees by involving them in voluntary work. Programmes such as Sentuhan Kasih and Jalinan Insan allow their employees to contribute to homes for disadvantaged children and orphans in the areas of their operations. These programmes provide the employees with job satisfaction, which in return highly motivates them to perform better. Community Lord Holme and Richard Watts used the following definition. Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large The culture now is to be generous by giving back to the community. Therefore organizations have certain responsibility towards the community they work in. PETRONAS is a responsible citizen of the community, thus is has successfully imitated and supported various social, environmental and community projects. PETRONAS and Education PETRONAS is committed is developing the people and they operate in by providing education particularly in the field on science and technology. They are determined to create a skilled human resource base for Malaysia through various schemes. Scholarships University technology PETRONAS (UTP) provides hands on technical training and innovative programs to help employees build skills and competencies. PETROSAINS provides a rich and motivating environment for the public to acquire knowledge about science and technology. PETRONAS benefits from this program since they are molding their own workforce, by educating them in standards which are important to PETRONAS. PETRONAS and Environment PETRONAS recognizes the importance of conserving biological diversity in order to ensure people, animals and plants. Therefore they developed the KUALA LUMPUR CITY CENTRE (KLCC) PARK, to balance the challenging demands of growing urban populations, with the environmental conservation. A much needed public park and green lung for the city of Kuala Lumpur. External Environment External environment refers to the macro forces that happen outside the business which cannot be controlled by the business. These forces will influence the internal functions of the business and its strategies to adapt itself to the changing environment. Political Environment The Malaysian government chose to create a state company, rather than using taxes, production limits, leasing, or other familiar instruments of supervision. The government sought to assert national rights over the use of the countrys resources. A state company, having both supervisory powers over the majors and production activities of its own, was a workable compromise between allowing the majors full rein and excluding them, along with their capital and expertise, altogether. PETRONAS is given full trust by Malaysia government to conduct business independently from the government. Government holds 100% of PETRONAS and formulates and implements energy policies including oil gas. The company cooperates with the government for the common purpose to develop the country to achieve the level of advanced countries. Regarding the relationship between PETRONAS and the government, one executive in the company said, There is a world, especially in the Third World, where only the government and the government (GG) can open the first door. He claimed that there is the world which does not function well with the absence of mutual trust between the government and the national oil company. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:pCgz92sE-H0FpM::history.sandiego.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics/04541.GIFt=1h=191w=266usg=__edWYAb0Yxd4yqnM8TXpb2ftbqK8= Legal Environment Legal concepts, principles and issues are affecting everyday business decisions of all organizations. PETRONAS is a multinational organization. Therefore the company is subjected to laws in all of its host countries. Petroleum Development Act 1974 To regulate the oil and gas industry to achieve Malaysias economic development needs, Petroleum Development Act 1974 was formulated, and PETRONAS was established under this act. Through this act, PETRONAS owns the exclusive right of ownership, exploration and production of petroleum and gas. Under the direct purview of Malaysias Prime Minister, PETRONAS is responsible for its planning, investment and regulation of all up-stream activities. Government Taxation PETRONAS is liable to pay to the Federal and State Government in terms of dividends, taxes, export duties and royalties. In the year of 2009, PETRONAS has paid RM 30.0 billion as dividends, RM20.3 billion as income tax, RM 9.1 billion as corporate income tax, RM 2.2 billion as export duties and RM 6.2 billion as royalties to the government (PETRONAS: Media Release, 2009). Laws Regarding Employee Benefits On the other hand, nearly all government pass laws to control recruitment, employment, minimum wages, health and safety at work, and trade union rights of employees. One of its aims is to protect the workers from any kind of physical injuries. It requires the working environment in PETRONAS to be safe with adequate equipment and sanitation. However, these requirements usually add up to the business cost. Consumer Rights In addition, PETRONAS has to protect consumer rights. The Consumer rights seek to protect the rights and interest of consumers, as well as to prevent them from receiving products that do not reach a reasonable level of safety. PETRONAS sternly practices this as to ensure maximum popularity amongst other oil and gas company as well as looking after customer satisfaction. Economical Environment Economical environment refers to the collective of the nature of economic system in the country. It would affect a business in terms of recession, interest rates, exchange rates and global economic factors. Recession Recession is the process when values of goods and services decline in an economy. It results in the fall of demand for certain products, as income is reduced. To keep the demand on going, the prices of products are lowered. According to an article by Jane Lee in 2009, net income of PETRONAS in the year ended March 31 dropped 14%. It was its first annual profit decline in 7 years due to sapped energy demand in global recession and high production cost. Interest rates During inflation, there will be increase in the supply of money associated to the amount of goods available. This will result in a rise in prices of goods and services in the economy over a period of time. For PETRONAS, the high interest rates and fall of purchasing power would consequently affect the cash flow of the organization. Oil Price Oil Price has strong relationship with PETRONAS sales performance. When oil price in Malaysia increase, its sales will strongly increase, and when oil price in Malaysia decrease, its sales also decrease. http://www.thegeminigeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/business-environment.jpg Technological Environment In order to adapt itself to the rapid growing technological environment, an organization has to be versatile and recognises the value of technology to its business growth. PETRONAS is a technology dependent organization that promotes and uses technology vastly for research and development. It pursues the strategic deployment and application of technology to further enhance operational excellence and maximize the potential of its existing assets and emerging opportunities. Technology in Gas Business In the Gas Business, PETRONASs technology emphasizes on mercury management. With the initiatives to remove mercury from raw condensates, the onshore mercury removal system, a technology that is among the first in the world, has been installed at PETRONAS Onshore Gas Terminal in Kertih. This system is able to treat raw condensates at the terminal, to improve operational and Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) performance as well as to assure product quality. Technology in Oil Business In the Oil Business, PETRONAS continue to pursue leading edge technologies to enhance its fuels and lubricants businesses. PRIMAX 3, the unleaded petrol, was developed in-house utilizing a superior quality fuel formulation innovated by optimising base fuel properties through the addition of the Sinar G-05 additive (PETRONAS: Oil Business, 2010). While meeting environmental standards, it enhances engine performance and efficiency. In addition, PETRONAS also believes there are opportunities in alternative energy resources and continue to explore the potential of hydrocarbon resources as well as solar energy and bio-fuels. In building a long term and sustainable energy business, the company looks toward Green Technologies to prepare for the future low-carbon economy. These technologies are believed to be providing a strong competitive advantage for PETRONAS to strengthen its position in global business. Competition In any of the industry, there must be competition among organizations. An organization will try to get more customers to buy their product instead of the one offered by the competitors. The success of organizations depends on which one makes the most attractive products at lower prices. The major competitors to PETRONAS are Shell and Caltex. They produce different type and efficiency of petrol. PETRONAS PETRONAS has designed PETRONAS PRIMAX 3 to provide maximum protection and performance for your car. By formulating with unique additive components, PETRONAS PRIMAX 3 efficiently protects the engine against injector fouling and corrosion, reinstating the car to its peak performance to improve fuel economy. Shell However, Shell is the leader in developing high quality fuels. Shell Super with fuel economy formula is specially designed by Shell experts to give you extra miles at no extra cost. It is formulated with Shells Synthetic Viscous Friction Improver, designed to reduce friction in this crucial part of your engine, helping to improve its efficiency. Caltex On the other hand, all Caltex petrols now include technologically-advanced, patented fuel ingredient, Techron ®. Caltex Techron with cleaning agent is unsurpassed at keeping engines clean and cleaning up deposits to help reinstate original performance. It contains powerful detergents which help in removing deposits from fuel injectors intake ports and valves. The key benefits for using Techron ® are improved performance, enhanced reliability, smoother drive, restored fuel economy and lower emissions. Comparing these petrol brands, each of them has its own strengths. They are having a healthy competition in the petrol industry with the same goal to provide the best petrol they could produce. Social Environment Social environment refers to the factors regarding the society as well as the environment. An organization needs to have social responsibilities in order to contribute to the people of the society and to protect natural environment. Social Responsibility on Consumer Many companies are affected by society and vice-versa. For PETRONAS, it was noticed that consumers are the foundation of the entire business, and dissatisfied customer could be a warning signal to the business. Therefore, it has to take care of societal needs and safeguard human rights. For example, it concerns about the safety and health of consumers. It has to make sure that it supplies safe products to the consumers and provides product knowledge via advertisements, as well as ensures product utility and performance as advertised. Social Responsibility on Environment In undertaking its business activities, PETRONAS cares for the environment by adopting responsible environmental management practices in its operations. At the same time, it also contributes to the biodiversity and conservation of the environment for the sake of the community. PETRONAS is taking every practicable and reasonable step to prevent the risk of injuries, health hazards and damages to properties in according to international Health, Safety and Environment standards. It is also investing in community-related initiatives in environmental conservation and urban renewal, both in Malaysia and other countries. These community projects aimed to create sustainable benefit and tangible value to the communities. http://www.momisteaching.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/social-media-marketing.jpg Conclusion Over the years, PETRONASs unique experience and expertise, coupled with its technical and operational competencies have allowed it to be accepted as the preferred strategic partner by international companies and the host countries. Facing the adverse business and economic environment, PETRONAS is still able to integrate, add value and globalize its operations. These would bring the company towards the realization of its vision to become a Leading Oil and Gas Multinational of Choice. Moving forward, PETRONAS will continue to improve its business performance, strengthen its resilience and enhance its capabilities to confront the challenges in delivering a sustainable energy future for all its stakeholders. Moreover, it will guided by its objective to serve the nation and people with high standards of ethics and integrity, while at the same time maximizing shareholders returns. (3029 words)

Child care and education

Child care and education Introduction Play is central to the development of children which helps them make sense of the world they live in and they learn by playing, exploring and trying things out. From 2008, child minders, nurseries, pre-schools and reception classes are required to pursue the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), and will be checked under this framework by OfSTED. The EYFS has been planned to provide support and direction to all those working with children up to the age of 5 in how best to enable children to feel safe and supported and to extend their learning and development. In EYFS, stress is placed upon understanding that each child and their family are unique, with different needs and concerns. Effective practitioners should be asking themselves What sort of child is this and how am I going to support their development and learning? The EYFS has rightly set the relationship between practitioner and child at its core because we have a very special, influential and vitally important role as we support, facilitate, model, reflect, evaluate and engage with children along their learning journey. www.foundation-stage.info Childrens learning and development is from 6 areas personal social emotional development; communication, language and literacy; problem solving, reasoning and numeracy; knowledge and understanding of the world; creative development; physical development They bring together the skills, understanding and experiences appropriate for babies and children as they grow up, learn thing and develop. Childrens development happens generally in six overlapping phases birth 11 months, 8 20 months, 16 26 months, 22 36 months, 30 50 months and 40 60 months. The overlap is planned to emphasise the fact that are differences between the development of children in different varying of learning, and between children of similar ages. It strengthens the principle that children learn and develop in different ways and at different rates but also that all areas of learning and development are equally important and are interconnected. There are a number of current influences on play and a couple are highlighted below. Forest Schools Their are a number of points where Forest Schools encourage and inspire children of any age through positive outdoor experiences. Forest Schools aim to develop: The personal development of the children so that there personal confidence, self esteem, self awareness, and social skills improve A wider range of physical skills Understanding of natural and man made environments Understanding of environmental issues Self Regulation, Intrinsic Motivation, Empathy, Good social communication skills, Independence and a positive mental attitude. Forest School create a unique learning environment they are used to support a range of individuals, community groups and larger organisations to use their local open space for play, health, activity and personal development uses. The children would be encouraged to learn through play in the forests and develop their imagination through play Forest Schools originated in Sweden in the 1950s when children were taught outside. They learnt about the world and nature and the environment through stories, songs and activities with woodland materials. The first Forest School in Britain was initiated by Bridgwater College 10 years ago. Forest Schools use the open space to help children learn practical and social skills as well as freedom. From as young as 5 years old, children can sit around a fire and learn how important it is to treat fire respectfully. Child Care and Education pg 289 Reggio Emilia Started in Italy in the late 1940s after the war. The aim is based on the ideas that a child is creative competent learner who discover in collaboration with adults and other children so they develop social learning. The basic idea of Reggio is believing in the importance of discovery, both indoor and outdoor, learning environments are stimulating and that children should reflect on their learning and document their own learning. There are seven points that Reggio is based on Creative thinking / using their imagination Exploring and discovery / finding things out on their own Free play Following childrens interests / doing what they enjoy Valuing, encouraging all ways children express themselves Asking children to talk about ideas and to expand on them Asking children to re-visit their ideas There are also some central approaches to the Reggio Emelia approach Low adult to children ratios Teachers as learners and reflective practioners. Child Care and Education pg 289 Child Development pg 155 What is child development theories? There are many theories and research , national and local initiatives as well as policies, physical, intellectural, emotion and social as well as psychological reasons such as security and safety,lifestyle,play . Technological reasons also affect child development Child development theories are sets of principles that are designed to predict and explain something. Over the years, psychologists and scientists had devised many theories which help explain observations and discoveries about child development. Also, providing a broader framework of understanding, a good theory allows educated guesses about aspects of development that are not yet clearly understood. These ideas provide the basis for research. A theory also has practical value. When a parent, educator, therapist, or policymaker makes decisions that affect the lives of children, a well-founded theory can guide them in responsible ways. Child development theories can also limit understanding, such as when a poor theory misleadingly emphasizes unimportant influences on development and underestimates the significance of other factors. The regulation states that Play underpins the delivery of all the EYFS and has many constant reminders throughout the guidance for practitioners to aid child initiated learning through play. The effective practitioner is tuning into childrens interests and thoughts so that you can tap into what they love and know which stimulate and inspire. Play is also at the forefront of the EYFSs delivery and can be the start for everyone involved. You can enrich young childrens lives by being reflective and be a well equipped facilitators enjoying the learning journey with them! The EYFS programme is about improving chances for life for all children, by giving them all an opportunity to have the best possible start, regardless of their family status or circumstances or where they attend. The EYFS delivers improved outcomes for all children, across all areas of development and learning. The Childcare Bill seeks to establish a single standard phase of development for all children, as it set the 10 year strategy for childcare Choice for parents, the best start for children. Its provides a flexible system that helps and supports childrens development from birth, when they will interact with adults that are trained and experienced; in environments that are safe, caring and loving. The Early Years Foundation Stage is a central part of the ten year childcare strategy: Ensuring a consistent approach to care and learning from birth to the end of the Foundation Stage. Incorporating elements of the National Standards. Has a play-based approach Focuses on stages of development rather than chronological, age based teaching and learning The overarching aim of the EYFS is to help children achieve the Every Child Matters five outcomes: Staying safe Being healthy Enjoying and achieving Making a positive contribution Achieving economic wellbeing The EYFS principles are grouped into 4 themes A unique child. Principle Every child is a competent learner from birth who can be resilient, capable, confident and self-assured Positive Relationships Principle Children learn to be strong and independent from a base of loving and secure relationships with parents and/or a key person Enabling Environments Principle The environment plays a key role in supporting and extending childrens development and learning Learning and Development Principle Children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates and all areas of learning and development are equally important and inter-connected. The theorists, Piaget, and Vygotsky, both viewed the significance about the role of play and learning in the early years. Both found it to be a vital part of a childs development. Piagets idea of self discovery suggested that children needed minimal adult interactions to help them learn through life. He believed that the children tried, without adult help, to make sense of the world and understand what was going on around them. He also had similar thoughts on his theory of child language acquisition. He had a idea notion that play was a window that reflected the goings on in the life of a child. Vygotsky saw it differently. He suggested that children are social learners, and liked to explore and discover new things with the help of adults and not without. This was his scaffolding theory and the zone of proximal development. Bruner said that when the children get older they stop learning new things.They start to build on what they already know. If children were left to teach themselves, as Piaget said, the child may not learn all they need to know, eg Maths. The subject of Maths needs adult help and teachings ensure that the children understand correctly, and that the necessary information is being learnt. Also some children, even in a play situation, will continually return to the same area and objects because it is their comfort zone. Evidently this way the child will fail to benefit from the learning Banduras Social Learning Theory modified traditional learning theory which was based on stimulus-response relationships. It considered learning to be no different among infants, children, adults, or even animals. Banduras approach is influential in the treatment of problem behaviors and disorders. Learning can be based on a spiral approach (Janet Moyles 1989)which starts with free-play.It allows children to explore e.g. To explore water using equipment provided. e.g. To explore how to change the size of a splash. Can they make a small splash, can you make a big splash? It is vital to allow children the chance to practise the skill they have learnt through lone and peer supported play. Childrens play reflects their wide ranging and varied interests and pre-occupations. In their play children learn at their highest level. Play with peers is important for childrens development. Through play children learn experiences by exploring and developing, which help them make sense of the world. They practice and build up ideas, and learn how to control themselves and understand the need for rules. They have the opportunity to think creatively alongside other children as well as on their own. They communicate with others as they investigate and solve problems. They express fears or re-live anxious experiences in controlled and safe situations. Observing children is different from being alert and noticing what is happening around you. Observations have to be focused and carried out in an order to plan for and assess children in a purposeful manner The information below gives advice on the following on some principles for observational assessment, and how they can be put them into practice: Assessment must have a reason and a purpose. Continuous observation of children participating in every day activities is the most suitable way of building up an accurate picture of what the children know, understand and feel, what they are interested in and what they can do. Practitioners should plan observations and also be ready to capture the spontaneous but important moments. Judgement of childrens development and learning must be based on skills, knowledge, understanding and behaviour that are demonstrated consistently and independently. Effective assessment takes equal account of all aspects of the childs development and learning. Accurate assessments are reliant upon taking account of contributions from a range of perspectives. Assessments must actively engage parents in developing an accurate picture of the childs development. Children must be fully involved in their own assessment. Record keeping is important and are an important tool to help practitioners and childrens attainment and progress. A multi professional approach when working with children and parents is important as it helps children not to slip through the net. Communication is the biggest part of the multi professional team, as everyone needs to know what is going on. The multi professional approach team is made up of a lot of different agencies, they are agencies including Schools and teachers, Hospitals and doctors, Social workers, Police and many more. They all work together to help parents and children to stop tragic cases such as death, child abuse, etc. Multi professional approach allows professionals share knowledge about a family needs so that the parents dont have to ask the same questions over and over again. The professionals are aware of each others roles in supporting the family so that conflicting advice can be minimise. It is essential that each agency communicates well and understands not only there role and responsibilities but the others agencies as well. Parents/guardians are the most important people in a childs life, and recognise the importance of this. We have a responsible role that involves sharing care of the child with parents/guardians; listen to parents/guardians, as they are the expert on their child. Every Child Matters is a important part of the curriculum. Its aims as agreed by leaders, teachers and other education professionals and is about promoting childrens wellbeing and enabling them to develop their potential as healthy, enterprising and responsible citizens. Every Child Matters states that every child, whatever their social upbringing or circumstances, should have the help they need to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution, achieve economic wellbeing These five outcomes need to be at the centre of everything a nursery or school does and reinforced through every aspect of its curriculum- lessons, events, routines, the environment in which children learn and what they do out of school. Early Education Providers involved in the care and education of young children from birth to five follows rules from the Department for Children, Schools and Families. These rules are intended to support practitioners to meet the diverse needs of all children, enabling them to enjoy and achieve. Children birth to three years Care, learning and development for babies and children up to three is available at a variety of settings including day nurseries, registered pre schools and childminders. Practitioners use the Birth to Three Matters Framework to support the young children in their care. The Framework: values and celebrates babies and children recognises their individuality, efforts and achievements recognises that all children from birth develop and learning though interaction with people and exploration of the world around them recognises the holistic nature of development and learning The child is at the centre of the Birth to Three Matters Framework. It highlights four Areas which mark the skill and competence of babies and young children and shows the links between growth, learning, development and the importance of the environment in which they are cared for and educated. These four areas are A Strong Child A Skilful Communicator A Competent Learner A Healthy Child All children, whichever provision they attend, will experience a play based curriculum of planned, independent and adult led activities. These experiences may take place indoors and/or outdoors and will aim to develop knowledge, skills and understanding in the following areas: Personal, Social and Emotional Development Helps children to mix and form relationships with individuals and groups, playing and learning co-operatively. Children are supported to develop a positive sense of themselves and an awareness of the needs and feelings of others Communication, Language and Literacy Children are supported to develop skills in talking and listening, reading and writing. They are introduced to a rich learning environment where these skills are valued. Mathematical Development Mathematical understanding is developed through a variety of practical activities based on every day situations. Children are supported to develop mathematical ideas and use related vocabulary while taking part in sorting, matching, ordering, counting, pattern making and working with numbers, shapes and measures. Knowledge and Understanding of the World Children are encouraged to be curious, to ask questions, to experiment and solve problems to help them make sense of the world they live in. A variety of practical experiences build the foundation for later learning about science, design and technology, information and communication technology, history, geography and religious education. Physical Development Young children are supported to develop physical control, co- ordination and manipulation, confidence and ability to move in different ways and handle large and small equipment. Children learn how their bodies work and how to stay active, safe and healthy. Creative Development Children have opportunities to take part in a range of creative experiences. As their imagination develops they have opportunities to communicate and express their ideas and feelings in a number of ways through artwork, music, dance and role play. These six areas of learning are of equal importance and through activities and experiences children learn and develop in a holistic manner. Parents are childrens first educators and are highly valued in the contribution that they make. The role that parents have played, and their future role, in educating the children do this through: before their child starts in our school talk to parents about their child; children have the chance to spend time with their teacher before starting at a nursery school by having Induction Session. Giving parents regular opportunities to talk about their childs progress Giving free access to their childrens Learning Journey record books . Encouraging parents to talk to their childs teachers about any concerns they may have. A range of activities throughout the year that will encourage collaboration between child, nursery school and parents. Ie.fund raising days, themed activity days, concerts like Harvest Festival, nativity, Easter and leavers concert. Have 2 formal meetings per year (Autumn and Summer term) with parents to discuss the childs progress and development. All staff who are involved with EYFS should aim to develop good relationships with children and interact with them and take time to listen to the children. Recognising diversity is about recognising that children can come from lots of different backgrounds and family structures and this could be from the language they speak, culture and beliefs. Diversity means responding in a positive manner to differences, valuing all people. All children are citizens and have rights and entitlements. Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no matter: what they think or say what type of family they come from what language(s) they speak what their parents do whether they are girls or boys whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting. Improving the physical environment physical aids to access education such as ICT equipment and portable aids for children with motor co-ordination and poor hand/eye skills. New buildings should be physically accessible to disabled pupils and will involve improving access to existing buildings including ramps, wider doors, low sinks, etc Improving the delivery of information to disabled children at nurserys or schools The information should take account of pupils disabilities and parents preferred formats and be made available All children should be treated in the same way regardless of race, religion or abilities. Nno matter what they think or say, what type of family they come from, what language(s) they speak, what their parents do, whether they are girls or boys or whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting and all children have a need to develop, which is helped by exploring and discovering the people and things around them. Some childrens development may be at risk, for example children who are disabled and those with special educational needs , those from socially excluded families, such as the homeless or those who live with a parent who is disabled or has a mental illness, children from traveller communities, refugees or asylum seekers and those from diverse linguistic backgrounds. All children are entitled to enjoy a full life in conditions which will help them take part in society and develop as an individual, with their own cultural and spiritual beliefs. Practitioners ensure that their own knowledge about different cultural groups is up-to-date and consider their own attitudes to people who are different from themselves. In the UK, children are being raised in a society with many sources of enriching diversity. Good early years practice needs to sustain this from the earliest months of babyhood. Practitioners need to work to create a encouraging learning environment. Play materials, books and other resources can be on hand in a helpful way by reflecting on how young children learn about culture and cultural uniqueness. Diversity and inclusion is also linked to legislation such the Childrens Act 1989, SEN act 2001, Rights of Children 1989 and the Race Relations Act 1976. Also included is the Disability Act 2004. Children like experiencing food, music or dance forms that reflect their own family and neighbourhood experiences. Early childhood is a good time to offer opportunities that enable children to stretch beyond the familiar. Children can learn to appreciate cultural diversity in styles of art, craft, music and dance. All opportunities need to be well grounded in positive pride for the styles common in every childs own background. Learning about identity and cultural diversity can help young people to live and work together in diverse communities, both in this country and the wider world. It can also help them develop their identity and sense of belonging which are fundamental to personal well-being and the achievements of a flourishing and cohesive society. The United Kingdom already has of a large range of ethnicities, cultures, languages, beliefs and religions. These are not staying still but are constantly changing and interacting, so that everyone can identify with different aspects of their heritage in different situations. Diversity also cover, social class, regional differences, gender, sexual orientation, religious and non-religious beliefs and values. Young people need to develop the ability to see themselves as part of this diversity, and to reflect on who they are. Schools can give them the opportunity to explore their identities in a safe and positive environment, and to discuss what is important to them and their families. This develops a sense of belonging to a community that values them and improves their understanding of what binds people in communities together. When individuals recognise and value their own culture, beliefs and traditions, they can better understand how others develop their identities. The identity and cultural diversity curriculum dimension helps learners to gain a broad understanding of the country they are growing up in: its past, its present and its future. They learn about its range of cultures and traditions, its political system, values and human rights, how it has evolved to be as it is, and in particular, how they are able to contribute through democratic participation to its future development. References Child Care and Education Tassoni. P. (2007). Heinemann (Harcourt Education Limited). Oxford , England Child Development Meggitt. C. (2006). Heinemann (Pearson Education Limited). Harlow, England Department of education and Skills (DFES) 2007 Early Childhood Studies, Willan, Parker-Rees, Savage: (2004) :Learning Matters ltd

A Lesson Before Dying :: essays research papers

The lady that appears after the first 100 pages of the book turns out to be Vivian, Grant’s secret lover. Grant and Vivian take a walk and after their walk they visit Grant’s aunt, aunt Emma. Aunt Emma and her friends are very fond of Vivian and they give her many compliments. Aunt Emma, and the reverend go to visit Jefferson and they find that Grant’s previous account of Jefferson’s recovery was lie; Jefferson still eats and behaves like a “hog';. Aunt Emma and the reverend confront Grant regarding his faulty account of Jefferson’s recovery. Once again, Grant visits Jefferson and tries to convince him that he is not a hog and he is a man. After a couple more visits from the ladies and Grant, the chapter ends off with the whole town watching a Christmas play on the birth of Jesus. After the play, Grant is tired of watching the same play and seeing the same people dressed in the same kinds of clothing year after year. The hermeneutic view means the dominant interpretation to a text. In “A Lesson Before Dying,'; they end off the chapter with a Christmas play about the birth of Jesus. This is significant because Christmas to Christian’s is a symbol of birth. This could mean that there might be new hope for Jefferson. This is because Jefferson is currently on death row. Christmas does not symbolize death, but symbolizes birth. This could mean that Jefferson could get a new chance in life or at least will not be executed in the near future. Another important point is that everyone knew that this play is dedicated to Jefferson/. This could mean that the whole community is praying for Jefferson. The reverend started to pray and asked God to watch over everyone including the ones in jail who were innocent or guilty. At the end of this, Grant says, “Vivian said things were changing. But where were they changing?'; This is an important quote because Vivian might be implying that racism is beginning to stop, but Grant cannot see these changes. He only sees racism as a part of life. According to the political view, there is a hierarchical structure underneath the construction of race. When Grant has a talk with his teacher, his teacher said, “I am superior to you. I am superior to any man blacker than me.'; His teacher is possibly implying that lighter skin color is racially superior in society.

The Correlation Between Music and Math: A Neurobiology Perspective :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Correlation Between Music and Math: A Neurobiology Perspective I remember the first time I heard the statement  ¡Ã‚ ° Did you know that listening to classical music enhances your mathematical abilities? ¡Ã‚ ± I was both intrigued and excited, intrigued because I did not understand how music and math, two seemingly unrelated subject could possibly affect each other. I was also excited because I began to view classical music as some kind of magical potion that would transform my math skills from decent to extraordinary. When I had the opportunity to write this web paper, I immediately jumped into the topic of music and math. The questions that I wish to answer throughout this paper are; does listening to music really help you do better in math? If so, which part of the brain is controlling the correlation between math and music? In addition, how does music stimulate the brain in a way that enhances mathematical abilities? It turns out that there is much evidence that supports the positive effects of music on one ¡Ã‚ ¯s ability to do math. Most research shows that when children are trained in music at a young age, they tend to improve in their math skills. The surprising thing in this research is not that music as a whole is enhancing math skills. It is certain aspects of music that are affecting mathematics ability in a big way. Studies done mostly in children of young age show that their academic performance increases after a certain period of music education and training. One particular study published in the journal  ¡Ã‚ °Nature ¡Ã‚ ± showed that when groups of first graders were given music instruction that emphasized sequential skill development and musical games involving rhythmn and pitch, after six months, the students scored significantly better in math than students in groups that received traditional music instruction. (1) The result of this study posed another important question. How does this type of music that emphasized sequential skills, rhythmn and pitch manage to improve children's ability to do math? It turned out that there are two distinguished types of reasoning, spatial temporal (ST) reasoning and Language analytical (LA) reasoning. LA reasoning would be involved in solving equations and obtaining a quantitative result. ST reasoning would be is utilized in activities like chess when one needs to think ahead several moves. The effect of music on math sometimes termed the Mozart effect. The Mozart effect gain its name after the discovery that listening to Mozart's compositions, which is very sequential, produces a short-termed enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning.

The World Bank and The IMF: Twins or Rivals? Essay -- Economy Economic

The World Bank and The IMF: Twins or Rivals? Both institutions, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, were established more than fifty years ago; and the foundations of both were expected to play roles in stabilizing the frustrated global economy and aiding post-war European countries as well as other developing countries for economic progress. In the first three decades, both institutions had their own respective functions and extensively engaged in different economic and financial activities. In general, the World Bank primarily concentrated on making long term loans to finance infrastructural projects in developing countries, as the IMF mainly provided economic consultation as well as short-term loans to both developed and developing countries (Driscoll). However, the distinctive differences started disappearing since the beginning of 1970s, as both began to involve in more and more similar economic activities. As such, these overlapping activities blurred the functions between the two institutions, in which ca se a restructuring reform might be required to avoid potential conflicts. Although both organizations were not identical twins as they were born in the first place, the relationship between them was very close. According to the World Bank’s article of agreement, â€Å"in order for a country to be able to become a member of the Bank, it must be a member of the Fund† (Polak 1). There are two reasons behind this rule: First, it can prevent free ridership that could possibly enables members of one organization to misuse their rights in the world monetary market. Second, it is widely believed that a good lending of the World Bank heavily depended on a country’s stable monetary market, which can be secured by... ...hirty years. Today, although they are facing certain critiques for some of their inconsistent policies that are not accepted by some economists, both are striving for a common goal to achieve the establishment of the stability in the world economy as well as the entire global economic wealth. Works Cited Driscoll, David. D. â€Å"The IMF and The World Bank: How Do They Differ?† Aug. 1996. 23 Nov. 2002. Moffitt, Michael. The World’s Money. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Naim, Moises. â€Å"Fad and Fashions in Economic Reforms: Washington Consensus or Washington Confusion?† 26 Oct. 1999. 20 Nov. 2002. Polak, Jacques J. The World Bank and The IMF: A Changing Relationship. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1994.

Modern Young Women and Their Role in a Society Essay

British young women as a subject of broad political interest became visible and significant in 1997 when New Labour came into power. It appeared as a novel phenomenon since it was all about â€Å"men’s’ world† before. The growing trend of feminism in a new liberal shape – encouraging women to get independent by means of achieving success and earning money, was well supported by press and television. Yet the image of young, ready for success women meets the picture of what is considered as a failure, i. e. less educated, young mothers and their lower quality of life. Soon, the issue of obese, diet and body image turned into a matter of public concern. Next, young women have started to be seen as valued prospective client and consumers, i. e. targets for marketing tools and strategies involving all media spaces. However along with all promises of modern society, there are still aspects that make women staying behind, despite all optimism of equal opportunities: poor background or simply decision of having children which very often closes the door of work career in desired and quick way. Read more:  Essay About Women Role in Modern Society One of very important means of giving opportunities to young women is a changing system of education, being one of the most factors guarantying the high level of life. Nevertheless one should not forget that the type of school is still important, altogether with the care and upbringing received at home. Having all these advantages available, women have free choice whether to have children or not, thus being a single mother is no longer any issue when there is enough money to deal with everyday life alone. Moreover, women are being now encouraged to earn money for living just to avoid a need to rely on husbands or partners. The significant aspect when question of female success raises, is the paradox of equality for ethnic minorities. The truth and reality is that there are hardly any chances to get the good education in poor areas usually habited by immigrants. Employers pay much attention not only to the proper education but also to the place where this education had been acquired. This system forms a vicious circle and vastly stands out from the young female success model presented by politicians and media. In respect of above issue, there has been a line put between what is considered as a â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† type of women, at least as seen from New Labour perspective. Good girls are those who in fact were blessed with proper home circumstances respecting family values, whereas Bad Ones are those who were not that lucky or even lost their luck by incorrect life decisions. As far as these decisions are concerned it mainly means the youth pregnancy as a choice. Such decision is to guarantee state benefits and a sort of social security which a girl from poor area would not get if she was just unemployed and not educated. Being a single mother and getting state benefits is believed to be more advantageous than working part time – and such approach is not favored by modern self conscious, success- focused society. Media is one of key players in this matter also, presenting the opposite images to create the opinions and prejudices. It confronts the image of successful young women being glamorous, offering their best assets to the employers and the image of prematurely aged girls who gave birth.

How to Do One Thing at a Time

Sample practice show prompts for the CATW Sample 1 subsidisation go more(prenominal) or less by reading the overtaking below. How Your consume Order Influences Your manner Ad on the dotment The peasant be mystifys known as the familys sole(prenominal) electric razor, oldest child, center child, or youngest child, depending on his blood line order. He is thought and talked about as having that come in in the family. Both in his mind and in the minds of separate mickle, an historic part of his identity is his family position. The other members of the family draw certain attitudes toward each child in terms of his birth order.P atomic number 18nts usually depend their oldest child to be more capable and more responsible than the younger children. The oldest child comes to think about himself in the homogeneous way. These ways of seeing himself, of thinking about himself because of his sibling role, become part of his self-concept. Similarly, the middle child may thi nk of himself as able to do things better than other population because he is usually more capable than his younger siblings. Sometimes, though, he essential turn to an older sibling or to his p argonnts for tending, and so he thinks of himself as cosmos able to obtain help when he needs it.The youngest child may expatiate the self-concept that he is less able to do m whatever things than other people. However, he is non concerned because there be ever so others around to take premeditation of him. In contrast, the only child tends to think, When my parents are not around, I redeem no cardinal to turn to for help. So Id better learn to take care of myself as much as possible. The place in the family establishes for the child a specific role to be played inside the family group. It influences him to develop certain attitudes toward himself and toward other people and helps him develop specific patterns of behavior. 290 words) Adapted from an demonstrate by Luc bedfaste Forer, How Your Birth Order Influences Your Life Adjustment, in economise to be Read, p. 7. report Directions Read the charge preceding(prenominal) and write an strain responding to the motifs it presents. In your canvas, be sure to total the passing game in your own words, stating the occasions about important ideas. go up your try out by identifying one idea in the passage that you feel is particularly significant, and exempt its significance. subscribe your claims with evidence or examples pinched from what you exact read, learned in school, and/or in person experienced.Remember to check over your essay and consecrate any changes or corrections that are demand to help your reader acquire your thinking. You allow for view as 90 minutes to realize your essay. Sample 2 Assignment arrest by reading the passage below. moderne Society and the bay for Human cheer Everywhere, by all means imaginable, people are striving to improve their lives. even strangely , my impression is that those life story in the materially developed countries, for all their industry, are in some ways less satisfied, are less happy, and support more than those living in the least developed countries.Indeed, if we canvas the rich with the poor, it often seems that those with nothing are, in fact, the least anxious, though they are plagued with tangible pains and piteous. As for the rich, while a few know how to use their riches intelligently that is to say, not in howling(a) living but by manduction it with the needy many do not. They are so caught up with the idea of getting still more that they make no room for anything else in their lives. In their submersion with material wealth, they actually lose the romance of happiness, which riches were to have provided.As a result, they are constantly tormented, torn between doubtfulness about what may happen and the hold of getting more, and plagued with mental and emotional suffering even though outwa rdly they may appear to be leading just successful and comfortable lives. This is suggested both by the high degree and by the disturbing prevalence among the populations of the materially developed countries of anxiety, discontent, frustration, and depression. Moreover, the national suffering is cl early connected with evolution confusion as to what constitutes morality and what its foundations are. 242 words) From an essay by the Dalai Lama, Modern Society and the Quest for Human Happiness inWrite to be Read, p. 170. Writing Directions Read the passage above and write an essay responding to the ideas it presents. In your essay, be sure to summarize the passage in your own words, stating the authors most important ideas. Develop your essay by identifying one idea in the passage that you feel is especially significant, and explain its significance. Support your claims with evidence or examples drawn from what you have read, learned in school, and/or personally experienced.Rememb er to review your essay and make any changes or corrections that are needed to help your reader follow your thinking. You will have 90 minutes to complete your essay. Sample 3 AssignmentBegin by reading the passage below. The Woman Who Died in the Waiting get on Esmin Green fell out of her chair in the searching room of Brooklyns largest psychiatric hospital nearly an hour onwards anyone realized she was in trouble. For 20 minutes, she writhed and twisted between two chairs to a lower place the watchful eye of a tribute camera whose footage would later be deal across the field, spurring a macrocosm outcry.Two security guards and two other supply members passed through the room and glanced at the 49-year-old woman, without bothering to suppress her vital signs or help her up. near 40 minutes after she stop moving, a nurse walked over and piano kicked her. By then, she was already dead. The citys medical exam tester cited blood clots in her legs as the authoritative c ause. As disturbing as the plenty ofEsmin Greens death were, they should not have come as a surprise.Public hospitals across the country have struggled to provide acute psychiatric care to the poor and uninsured since the early 1960s, when large mental hospitals began closing their doors en masse. Rather than lock them away in cold, uncaring institutions, the thinking went, the mentally ill should be offered a place in society. But with insufficient outpatient services and a dearth of community-based support, the least fortunate of them have ended up in already overtaxed emergency rooms. They are the poor, the uninsured and the undocumented.Many of them suffer from chronic conditions that could potentially be treated with medication and regular counseling, luxuries most of them cannot afford. With just 50,000 inpatient psychiatric beds for tens of millions of people across the country, the mentally ill typically wait twice as long for preaching as other patient populations do. It s standardised landing airplanes at JFK airport, says Ken Duckworth, medical director of the National Alliance on Mental Illness. There is just no place for them to go. (306 words) adapted from July 12, 2008 Newsweek article, The Woman Who Died in the Waiting Room by Jeneen Interlandi Writing DirectionsRead the passage above and write an essay responding to the ideas it presents. In your essay, be sure to summarize the passage in your own words, stating the authors most important ideas. Develop your essay by identifying one idea in the passage that you feel is especially significant, and explain its significance. Support your claims with evidence or examples drawn from what you have read, learned in school, and/or personally experienced. Remember to review your essay and make any changes or corrections that are needed to help your reader follow your thinking. You will have 90 minutes to complete your essay.

Body soul destinction Essay

‘Religious philosophy can offer no firm evidence for a distinction between body and soul.’ Discuss.Humans appear to have both a body and a mind, the body which is related to physical movements and appearances. And the mind which relates to feelings and emotions, qualia.This it is distracted by earthly wants and desires.Plato old saw the body and soul as two separate entities. The soul that most closely resembles the eminent divine and immortal. While the body resembles the human and mortal, which is endlessly changing and can be broken down. Plato was not trying to suggest the soul was perfect as it joined the body which it is inhibited by, however, he explains that by taking care of the soul the person can develop knowledge.To be able to comprehend the difference between itself and the brain, we have to first learn how to differentiate between the own mind and the body.

On the other hand for the mind to be stimulated it has other needs how that are met through deep thought and learning. However, there is a flaw to Plato’s theory, how can you have two completely different substances that are the same thing? Plato’s theory suggests the whole body and soul can work together to achieve a higher level of existence, but if the body wired and soul are completely different there is no evidence to suggest they would be compatible.Another dualist, Aquinas took a more more religious view of dualism. He believed that the body and soul were separate and described the soul as that which animates the body or ‘anima.Humans have the soul that is the rational soul.Evidence for religious views on the soul come extract from the bible.Within the new testament, there are stories of Jesus’ resurrection that suggest dualism. Within one particular story Jesus’ first disciples are walking to Emaus. Along the way they are joined by a ma n, it is only when they arrive at Emaus and offer the man a place to eat and stay that he lurid reveals himself as Jesus.His theory is difficult to comprehend.

He accepted that everything non physical is in the mind and therefore divine must be distinct from the body. The mind according to Descartes is non – spatial and is distinct from material and bodily substances.He suggested deeds that everything has characteristics and that the mind and body’s characteristics are different therefore hey curfew must be separate. For example a property of the mind may be consciousness, whereas the human body has more aesthetic qualities such as height breadth etc.Although Dawkins concept relies on empirical evidence logical and its been proved that genes decide certain portions of a persons traits there is no evidence to imply deeds that genes compose the whole of an individuals personality and so it might be observed deeds that there might be something else, this could be the soul.† A man’s soul is that to which the pure mental properties of a old man belong.† Richard Swinburne developed a dualist view based on th e soul being indestructible and indivisible. Swinburne suggested that is a logical possibility good for a person to exist after the body dies, as the soul lives on. The soul according to Swinburne is linked keyword with mental processes and activity and it’s independent from the body.Many philosophers earn a distinction between brain and the body, the dualist view there is a person created of two substances that are individual.

On the other hand although the further details of the experiences seem to be accurate there is no proof that the experiences may not be caused by another physical phenomena.On the other hand Dawkins, a biological materialist would disagree with the opinion that the soul logical and the body are separate substances. Dawkins bases his theory on evolution and genetics. He would reject any concept of an eternal soul and therefore rejects dualism.Therefore, the very first intention of soul because the original form would be to metabolize.Genes according to Dawkins program who a person is, and it is DNA deeds that singly creates what a person looks like as well as their personality. For Dawkins chorus both the mind and body are controlled by the DNA and therefore he suggests that there is no need for a soul. Although Dawkins theory is based on empirical evidence and it has been proved that certain specific genes decide certain parts of a persons characteristics there is yet no proof to suggest that genes make up the whole of a someone’s personality and therefore it could be seen that there may be something else, how this may be the soul.John Hick has formed a view of religious materialism.Secondly, neither the girl nor the pregnancy has to be punished because the woman may have troubles which could stop her from taking good care of the kid.

This replica is the same person however, whilst they cannot exist at the same time. According to Hick at the same time that when a person dies a replica of them is created by God. how This is a way of preserving personal identity after death. The evidence for religious materialism is based on the resurrection of Jesus.According to Hick at the time if he dies a copy of them that is made by God.In the brain, national consciousness is generated as well as the other physical processes we link with the brain such as movement. further Evidence for this is put foreward in â€Å"the philosophy files†. Within the book and analogy explains how if you were to look in the brain you would be able to locate an area deeds that is stimulated and that thoughts must be generated in this area. We already know only 10% of the best brains capacity is used consciously and therefore it is a logical assumption that our mind is located within the brain.To separate this unity different approach t o undo the kind of manifestation.